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Programming Foundations

This unit introduces how computer programs work and how logic is structured.

The ideas in this unit support:

  • AS92004 – Programming
  • all later work in game development (AS92005)

Programming is not about memorising code.
It is about thinking clearly and logically.

Start Here: Python Setup​

Before you begin regular Python programming tasks, set up your editor and project environment.

This note explains:

  • how to install Python and VS Code
  • which VS Code extensions are recommended
  • how to create a virtual environment using python -m venv
  • how to install packages using pip

What Is a Computer Program?​

What Is a Computer Program

A computer program is a set of instructions that tells a computer:

  • what to do
  • when to do it
  • how to respond to input

Computers do not "understand intent".
They follow instructions exactly as written.

Introduction to Programming and Computer Science - Full Course (freeCodeCamp.org)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOjov-2OZ0E

The Input–Process–Output Model​

Input Process Output Model

Most programs can be described using three stages:

  • Input – data the program receives
  • Process – logic that works on the data
  • Output – the result produced

Figure 1 – Input–Process–Output model

This model applies to:

  • calculators
  • games
  • websites
  • apps
  • simulations

Program Structure​

Program Structure

Programs are written as a sequence of instructions.

Common structural elements include:

  • variables (to store data)
  • instructions (to perform actions)
  • decisions (to choose between paths)
  • repetition (to repeat actions)

Figure 2 – Basic program structure

Good structure makes programs:

  • easier to understand
  • easier to test
  • easier to fix

Learn to Program with Python - Problem Solving Approach (Derek Banas)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwjAoZNE56Q

Why Structure Matters

Why Structure Matters​

Poorly structured programs:

  • are hard to debug
  • behave unpredictably
  • are difficult to explain

Well-structured programs:

  • show clear thinking
  • make logic visible
  • are easier to verify in assessment

In assessment, clarity beats cleverness.

Key Expectations for This Unit​

By the end of this unit, you should be able to:

  • explain how a program works
  • describe the logic used in your code
  • identify where decisions and repetition occur
  • test your program and explain fixes

These expectations are explicitly assessed in AS92004.

Comprehensive Java Programming Tutorial (Derek Banas)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIrMbAQSU34

Introduction to Pygame​

Pygame is a Python library for building 2D games. It connects all of the programming fundamentals — IPO, variables, selection, iteration, and testing — into a single, ongoing project.

This note explains:

  • the game loop and why it matters
  • how events, state, and drawing relate to IPO
  • how Pygame maps to AS92004 assessment requirements
  • common misconceptions when starting game programming

Decomposition in Game Development​

Building a complex game can feel overwhelming without a clear plan. Decomposition breaks a game into logical, manageable pieces that are easier to build and test.

  • Decomposition in Game Development — Course Notes (coming soon)

This note explains:

  • how to break a game into entities, state, and systems
  • why decomposition makes code easi